representative+protozoans

REPRESENTATIVE PROTOZOANS PHYLUM SARCOMASTIGOPHORA SUBPHYLUM MASTIGOPHORA (FLAGELLATED PROTOZOANS) CLASS PHYTOMASTIGOPHORA (PHYTOFLAGELLATES WHICH HAVE CHLOROPHYLL AND ARE PLANT-LIKE  1)  DINOFLAGELLATES ü Group of organisms which can be beneficial and harmful ü Some are necessary in forming coral reefs ü Some produce toxins which cause ‘red tides’ that are poisonous to marine life and cause losses in the shellfish industry 2) //Euglena viridis// ü  Lives in freshwater streams and ponds ü  Has a red eyespot, or stigma, which helps orient the organism to light ü  Normally is autotrophic because it undergoes photosynthesis ü  In the dark, the //Euglena// becomes saprozoic and absorbs nutrients through its plasma membrane ü Reproduces by binary fission 3) //Volvox globator// ü  This organism forms colonies of cells ü  The colony consists of a hollow sphere which contains up to 50,000 zooids (individuals) ü  A few cells in the colony are responsible for reproduction, which can be sexual or asexual ü  Most cells are somatic (not reproductive) and concerned only with nutrition and locomotion PHYLUM SARCOMASTIGOPHORA SUBPHYLUM MASTIGOPHORA CLASS ZOOMASTIGOPHORA ( ANIMAL-LIKE PROTISTS WHICH ARE COLORLESS) 1) //Trypanosoma brucei// ·  A parasite which lives in the blood of vertebrate animals ·  Several subspecies produce severe diseases in humans and domestic animals ·  African sleeping sickness and several other closely related illnesses are transmitted by the tsetse fly   2)  //Giardia lamblia// · Commonly transmitted by water supplies which are contaminated by feces <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">· Beavers are an important source of contamination of clear ponds in the mountains of the western United States PHYTOPLANKTON (PLANT PROTISTS) 1) Diatoms  <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">  Diatoms are single-celled plants with shells of silicon dioxide  <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">  Their shells are useful to us and are used as abrasives in toothpaste and cleaning products  <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">  Their shells also form diatomaceous earth  PHYLUM SARCOMASTIGOPHORA  SUBPHYLUM SARCODINA  SUPERCLASS RHIZOPODA   1)  //Amoeba proteus// <span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; msobidifontfamily: Wingdings; msofareastfontfamily: Wingdings; msolist: Ignore;">Ø Found in slow-moving streams and ponds, these protozoans must have a substrate on which to crawl 2) //Entamoeba histolytica// <span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; msobidifontfamily: Wingdings; msofareastfontfamily: Wingdings; msolist: Ignore;">Ø  This ameba causes amebic dysentery, which may be fatal   3)  Foraminiferans <span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; msobidifontfamily: Wingdings; msofareastfontfamily: Wingdings; msolist: Ignore;">Ø This group of rhizopods have a protective shell, called a test, which covers their plasma membrane <span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; msobidifontfamily: Wingdings; msofareastfontfamily: Wingdings; msolist: Ignore;">Ø Most are marine (live in the ocean) and live in huge numbers on the Atlantic Ocean floor, forming the ‘ooze’ found there. As many as 50,000 shells may be found in one gram of sediment <span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; msobidifontfamily: Wingdings; msofareastfontfamily: Wingdings; msolist: Ignore;">Ø Foraminiferans also help form limestone and chalk deposits, such as those found in the White Cliffs of Dover <span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; msobidifontfamily: Wingdings; msofareastfontfamily: Wingdings; msolist: Ignore;">Ø Their tests are made of calcium carbonate 4) Slime molds <span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; msobidifontfamily: Wingdings; msofareastfontfamily: Wingdings; msolist: Ignore;">Ø  These sarcodines are found in the forest detritus (decay) all around the world <span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; msobidifontfamily: Wingdings; msofareastfontfamily: Wingdings; msolist: Ignore;">Ø  If food is scarce, several may fuse together to form a large multinucleate individual  PHYLUM SARCOMASTIGOPHORA  SUBPHYLUM SARCODINA  SUPERCLASS ACTINOPODA   1)  Radiolarians <span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; msobidifontfamily: Wingdings; msofareastfontfamily: Wingdings; msolist: Ignore;">v There are several classes of radiolarians, one freshwater and three marine <span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; msobidifontfamily: Wingdings; msofareastfontfamily: Wingdings; msolist: Ignore;">v This group is known for the beauty of their tests (shells), which are made of silicon <span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; msobidifontfamily: Wingdings; msofareastfontfamily: Wingdings; msolist: Ignore;">v They form the ‘ooze’ found on the floor of the Pacific and Indian Oceans <span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; msobidifontfamily: Wingdings; msofareastfontfamily: Wingdings; msolist: Ignore;">v Under the right conditions, this ooze forms chert PHYLUM APICOMPLEXA <span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Courier New'; msofareastfontfamily: 'Courier New'; msolist: Ignore;">o All apicomplexans are parasites <span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Courier New'; msofareastfontfamily: 'Courier New'; msolist: Ignore;">o The apical complex, a group of organelles found in members of this group, apparently aids in penetrating the host’s cells or tissues PHYLUM APICOMPLEXA CLASS SPOROZOA 1) //Toxoplasma gondii// <span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; msobidifontfamily: Wingdings; msofareastfontfamily: Wingdings; msolist: Ignore;">§  This parasite is typically found in cats, but may infect rodents, cattle, and humans <span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; msobidifontfamily: Wingdings; msofareastfontfamily: Wingdings; msolist: Ignore;">§  Pregnant women are particularly at risk, especially during the 1st trimester of pregnancy <span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; msobidifontfamily: Wingdings; msofareastfontfamily: Wingdings; msolist: Ignore;">§  Experts believe that 2% of all cases of mental retardation in the United States are a result of toxoplasmosis   2)  //Plasmodium// sp. <span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; msobidifontfamily: Wingdings; msofareastfontfamily: Wingdings; msolist: Ignore;">ü This group of parasites causes malaria in humans and is transported by the //Anopheles// mosquito <span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; msobidifontfamily: Wingdings; msofareastfontfamily: Wingdings; msolist: Ignore;">ü The parasite enters the liver and is later released into the red blood cells (RBCs) <span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; msobidifontfamily: Wingdings; msofareastfontfamily: Wingdings; msolist: Ignore;">ü The RBCs burst and release the parasite’s metabolic products, causing chills and fever <span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; msobidifontfamily: Wingdings; msofareastfontfamily: Wingdings; msolist: Ignore;">ü //Plasmodium falciparum// is the most common species, accounting for 50% of all cases reported; it is also the most deadly <span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; msobidifontfamily: Wingdings; msofareastfontfamily: Wingdings; msolist: Ignore;">ü People who carry the gene for sickle cell anemia seem to have some resistance to malaria PHYLUM CILIOPHORA <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;"> Have cilia <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;"> Larger than most protozoans <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;"> Always multinucleate, with at least one macronucleus and one micronucleus <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;"> Some have structures called trichocysts and toxicysts, which are apparently released as a defensive mechanism. Toxicysts release a poison that paralyzes the ciliates’ prey 1) //Paramecium caudatum// <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">·  This is a ‘slipper-shaped organism’ that is oddly shaped due to an oral groove located underneath the body <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">·  The cilia in the oral groove are longer and sweep food into an opening called the cytostome <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">·  The cilia of the organism beat at an angle and cause it to swim in a spiral fashion <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">·  Movements of the organism in response to various stimuli are called TAXES <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">· Thermotaxis is a response to heat, phototaxis is a response to light, and chemotaxis is a response to chemicals <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">· Paramecia reproduce by binary fission or by conjugation 2) //Ichthyophthirius// <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">·  This ciliate causes ‘ick’ in wild freshwater fish and in aquariums