phylum+arthropoda+2


 * PHYLUM ARTHROPODA, SUBPHYLUM UNIRAMIA

CLASS CHILOPODA
 * centipedes
 * each somite bears one pair of jointed legs
 * carnivores; eat earthworms, cockroaches, and other insects
 * have a poison fang on the end of their maxilliped with which they kill their prey
 * live in moist places such as under logs, bark, and stones

CLASS DIPLOPODA
 * millipedes (thousand feet)
 * have two pairs of appendages per somite
 * the female lays her eggs in a nest and guards them carefully
 * live in moist, dark places
 * herbivores

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 * most diverse and abundant group of animals; more than all other species of animals combined
 * some scientists estimate there are 200 million insects for every human alive
 * total number of species is estimated at close to 1 million
 * entomology is the study of insects
 * have three pairs of legs and usually two pairs of wings
 * live everywhere except the deeper waters of the ocean
 * exoskeleton is an excellent adaptation to desert climates
 * body typically consists of a head, thorax, and abdomen
 * most are herbivores
 * air tubes, called tracheae, open to the outside of the body by spiracles, which are openings usually covered by valves to help retain water
 * excretory system consists of malpighian tubules which remove waste from the blood and empty it into the digestive tract
 * simple tympanic organs for hearing may detect some airborne sounds
 * some insects have chemoreceptors for smell; this is an important fact when creating repellants and attractants for insects
 * the compound eyes of insects can detect flashes of light; bees can distinguish colors
 * muscles are very similar to the muscles of vertebrates
 * females have various methods of attracting mates; flashes of light in fireflies, chemical attractants called pheromones, courtship behaviors, sound or color signals
 * many insects go through a dormant period when conditions are not favorable for survival
 * many insects possess color patterns that aid in survival, such as protective coloration, warning coloration, and mimicry
 * other methods of defense include repulsive odors and tastes
 * insects communicate through sounds, pheromones, bioluminescence, and other visual signals
 * insects produce useful items such as honey and silk
 * bees and butterflies help to pollinate flowers and crops
 * many insects are predators which remove damaging insects
 * insects are an important part of the food chain for birds, fish and other animals
 * some insects destroy plants and fruit, such as grasshoppers, boll weevils, and corn borers
 * lice, flies, and fleas attack humans and animals
 * diseases are carried by many insects
 * insecticides have been used to try to control the numbers of harmful insects ||  ||
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